water treatment – Hard and Soft Water

Ion Exchange Chromatography: A Unique Method for Separating Substances

September 16, 2022September 14, 2022 Tasrik Leave a comment

Ion exchange chromatography is a unique separation method that utilizes the principles of ion exchange. This method is often used to separate substances that have a high degree of similarity. In this blog post, we will discuss the basics of ion exchange chromatography and how it can be used to separate compounds. We will also explore some of the benefits of this method and how it can be applied in various industries.

What is ion exchange chromatography and how does it work?

Ion exchange chromatography is a type of separation technique that relies on the principles of ion exchange. In this process, ions in a solution are exchanged between two phases. The most common phases used in ion exchange chromatography are a solid and a liquid. However, this method can also be used to separate compounds that are dissolved in gas or other fluid phases.

Ion exchange chromatography can be used to separate compounds that are very similar in structure. This is because each compound will have a different affinity for the two phases involved in the process. For example, one compound may be more attracted to the solid phase while another may be more attracted to the liquid phase. By controlling the amount of time that the compounds spend in each phase, it is possible to separate them.

Ion exchange chromatography is a versatile separation technique that can be used in a variety of industries. For example, this method is often used in the food and beverage industry to purify water or to remove impurities from food products. Additionally, ion exchange chromatography has also been used in the pharmaceutical industry to purify drugs and to remove impurities from drug products.

The benefits of using ion exchange chromatography

There are a number of benefits that make ion exchange chromatography an attractive separation method. First, this method is relatively simple and can be performed using common laboratory equipment. Additionally, ion exchange chromatography is a versatile technique that can be used in a variety of industries.

One of the main benefits of ion exchange chromatography is that it is a very efficient separation method. This is because the process of ion exchange is very rapid and can be performed on a large scale. Additionally, ion exchange chromatography can be used to separate compounds that are very similar in structure. This is because each compound will have a different affinity for the two phases involved in the process.

Another benefit of ion exchange chromatography is that it is a very versatile separation technique. We can use this method to separate compounds that are dissolved in gas or other fluid phases. Additionally, ion exchange chromatography can be used to purify water or remove impurities from food products.

Examples of applications that can benefit from ion exchange chromatography

Ion exchange chromatography can be used in a variety of industries and applications. Some examples of applications that can benefit from ion exchange chromatography include:

–Water purification

-Food processing

-Pharmaceutical manufacturing

-Biochemical research

Case studies that illustrate the effectiveness of the ion exchange chromatography method

Ion exchange chromatography is a versatile and effective separation method that has been used in a variety of industries. Here are a few case studies that illustrate the effectiveness of ion exchange chromatography:

-A pharmaceutical company used ion exchange chromatography to purify a drug compound. The company was able to increase the purity of the compound, and as a result, the drug was more effective.

-A food processing company used ion exchange chromatography to remove impurities from a food product. The company was able to improve the quality of the product and as a result, the product was more popular with consumers.

-A research laboratory used ion exchange chromatography to separate a mixture of compounds. The laboratory was able to obtain purer compounds, which made the research more accurate.

-Water purification plant used ion exchange chromatography to remove impurities from water. The plant was able to improve the quality of the water. Consequently, the water was safer to drink.

What are some of the challenges you may face when using this method?

Like with any method, there are some challenges you may face when using ion exchange chromatography. Some of these challenges include:

-Make sure you have a good understanding of the principles of ion exchange chromatography. This will help you optimize your method and get the most efficient separation.

-Selecting the right system. There are a number of ion exchange chromatography systems on the market. So, you will face difficulties in selecting the right one for your needs.

-Optimizing the method. There are a number of variables that can affect the efficiency of your ion exchange chromatography separation. It can be challenging to optimize the method to get the most efficient separation possible.

-Contaminants. If not properly controlled, contaminants can foul the ion exchange chromatography system and reduce its efficiency.

How to overcome these challenges and get the most efficient separation?

Despite the challenges, ion exchange chromatography is a versatile and effective separation method that can be used in a variety of industries. By working with a reputable supplier and optimizing the method, you can overcome these challenges and get the most efficient separation possible.

How to choose the right type of ion exchange chromatography for your needs

When choosing an ion exchange chromatography system, it is important to consider the specific needs of your application. For example, if you are looking for a system that can purify water or remove impurities from food products, then you will need a different system than if you are looking for a system that can purify drugs or remove impurities from drug products. Additionally, it is important to consider the scale of your operation. Ion exchange chromatography systems are available in a variety of sizes, from small benchtop systems to large-scale industrial systems.

The future of ion exchange chromatography

Ion exchange chromatography is a versatile and efficient separation method that is well-suited for a variety of applications. As the world becomes increasingly industrialized, there is a growing need for efficient methods of separating compounds. Ion exchange chromatography is expected to play a major role in meeting this need. Additionally, ion exchange chromatography is expected to become more widely used in the food and beverage industry as a result of the increasing demand for clean and safe food products.

Additional resources on ion exchange chromatography

If you want to learn more about ion exchange chromatography, here are some additional resources:

-A Guide to Ion Exchange Chromatography: This guide provides an overview of ion exchange chromatography and how it works.

-Systems: This website provides information on different ion exchange chromatography systems and how to select the right one.

-Ion Exchange Chromatography Services: This company provides services related to ion exchange chromatography, including method development and optimization.

-Ion Exchange Chromatography Training: This training course provides an overview of ion exchange chromatography.

5 Best Under Sink Reverse Osmosis Systems: Reviews and Comparisons

August 2, 2022May 9, 2023 Tasrik Leave a comment

Do you want to improve the quality of your drinking water? If so, you may want to consider investing in an under sink reverse osmosis system. These systems are becoming increasingly popular, and for good reason! They are a great way to get clean, pure water without having to install a whole-home filtration system. In this article, we will discuss the five best under sink reverse osmosis systems on the market today. We will also compare and contrast their features, so that you can determine which one is right for you!

5 Best Under Sink Reverse Osmosis Systems

What are under sink reverse osmosis systems?

Under sink reverse osmosis systems are a type of water filtration system that is installed under your kitchen sink. They work by filtering out impurities from your water, such as chlorine, lead, and other contaminants. This results in cleaner, purer water for drinking and cooking.

How under the sink RO System Works?

Reverse osmosis systems for the home work by using water pressure to force water molecules through a very fine membrane. This process removes impurities such as bacteria, viruses, salt, lead, fluoride, and other dissolved contaminants from your drinking water. The result is clean, pure water that tastes great!

There are many different reverse osmosis systems on the market, but they all work in essentially the same way. Most systems include a pre-filter that helps to remove large particles from your water before it even reaches the RO membrane. This helps to extend the life of your system and ensures that your water is as pure as possible.

Once the water enters the RO membrane, the impurities are removed and the clean water is stored in a holding tank. When you want to use the water, it is pumped from the holding tank through a separate faucet that is installed near your kitchen sink.

Reverse osmosis systems can be a great addition to any home, but there are a few things to keep in mind before you purchase one. First, reverse osmosis systems require a fair amount of water pressure to work properly. If your home has low water pressure, you may need to install a booster pump in order to get the most out of your system.

Second, because reverse osmosis systems remove all impurities from your water, including minerals, they can sometimes make your water taste a bit flat. If you are concerned about the taste of your water, you may want to consider investing in a system that has a re-mineralization filter. This type of filter adds back in some of the minerals that are removed during the filtration process, giving your water a better taste.

If you are looking for a way to improve the quality of your drinking water, an under sink reverse osmosis system is a great option to consider. These systems are affordable, easy to install, and they provide you with clean, pure water that tastes great. With a little research, you can find the perfect RO system for your home and start enjoying better water today!

Check out our top picks for the best under sink reverse osmosis systems below.

five best under sink reverse osmosis systems

There are many different under sink reverse osmosis systems on the market today. It can be difficult to know which one to choose! In this article, we will discuss the five best under sink reverse osmosis systems. We will compare and contrast their features, so that you can determine which one is right for you!

1. Aquasana AQ-RO-3.55

The first under sink reverse osmosis system on our list is the Aquasana AQ-RO-3.55. This system is designed to remove up to 95% of fluoride from your drinking water, as well as 97% of chlorine. It also filters out 99% of 86 other contaminants, including lead, mercury, asbestos, and pharmaceuticals. The Aquasana AQ-RO-355 is a great choice for those who want clean, pure drinking water without having to install a whole-home filtration system.

2. iSpring RCC7AK

The second under sink reverse osmosis system on our list is the iSpring RCC7AK. This system is NSF certified to remove up to 99% of over 1000 harmful contaminants from your water. It also has a six-stage filtration process that includes an alkaline remineralization filter. This filter helps to restore the natural alkalinity and mineral balance of your water. The result is great-tasting, pure water that is safe for you and your family to drink.

The iSpring RCCak has a low maintenance design that is easy to install. It also comes with a one-year limited manufacturer warranty. This system is a great choice for those who want clean, pure water without having to worry about installation or maintenance issues. If you are looking for an under sink reverse osmosis system that is both effective and affordable, the iSpring RCCak is a great option for you.

3. APEC ROES-50

The third under sink reverse osmosis system on our list is the APEC ROES-50. This system is designed, engineered, and assembled in the USA to guarantee water safety and your health. It is WQA certified to provide unlimited clean, refreshing, crisp tasting water that is superior to bottled water.

The ROES-50 has a five-stage filtration process that removes up to 99% of contaminants such as chlorine, taste, odor, VOCs, as well as toxic fluoride, arsenic, lead, nitrates, heavy metals, and 1000+ other contaminants. The maximum Total Dissolved Solids for this system is 2000 ppm. It has a Feed Water Pressure of 40-85 psi.

APEC is America’s No. rated water filter brand with 20 years of success guaranteeing a trouble-free, noise-free system for long-lasting, dependable, pure drinking water. This system comes with a 100% lead-free designer faucet, plus certified JG food grade tubing and parts to provide safe, contamination-free pure water. The pipe size for this system is Â¼ inches.

It has high-quality leak-free quick connected fittings that require no extra lock clips to seal the leak- not relying on water leak detectors to protect your home like other brands. The ROES-50 comes with all parts and the industry’s best instructions and videos for an easy DIY experience. It also has a two-year extended manufacturer warranty that is available upon registration.

If you are looking for a top-quality under-sink reverse osmosis system, the APEC ROES-50 is a great option to consider.

4. Watts Premier 531417

The fourth under sink reverse osmosis system on our list is the Watts Premier 531417. This system is designed to fit under your sink with minimal space requirements, and it comes with a three-gallon storage tank. The filters on this system are easy to change, and the unit is certified by WQA. This system requires an incoming water pressure of 40 to 80 psi for proper operation, and it has four stages of filtration to trap particulate matter and reduce chlorine and other materials that cause bad taste and odors. If you’re looking for a space-saving reverse osmosis system, the Watts Premier 531417 is a great option.

The fifth and final under sink reverse osmosis system on our list is the Culligan US-EZ-HW. This system is designed to remove up to 99% of contaminants from your water. It features a three-stage filtration process, and it comes with a one-year warranty. The Culligan US-EZ-HW is a great choice for those who want an effective and efficient under sink reverse osmosis system!

5. Express Water RO5DX

The fifth and final under sink reverse osmosis system on our list is the Express Water RO5DX. This system is great for anyone who wants an easy to install and understand filtration system. The RO05DX comes with everything you need to get started, including a faucet and water tank. This system also has a leak detection feature that will shut off the water flow if it detects any moisture. You can also upgrade and customize this system with additional filtration attachments, such as a UV water filter or an alkaline water filter. The Express Water RO05DX is a great option for anyone who wants a high-quality, customizable under sink reverse osmosis system.

If you’re looking for an under sink reverse osmosis system that will provide you with clean, pure water, then the Express Water RO05DX is a great option for you. This system is easy to install and comes with everything you need to get started. You can also upgrade and customize this system to meet your specific needs.

Conclusion

There you have it! These are the five best under sink reverse osmosis systems on the market today. We hope that this article has helped you to narrow down your choices, and to find the perfect system for your needs! Thanks for reading, and happy shopping!

Phosphorus Removal from Wastewater

July 26, 2022July 26, 2022 Tasrik Leave a comment

Did you know that wastewater can contain high levels of phosphorus? This is a problem because phosphorus is a major pollutant that can cause all sorts of environmental problems. In this article, we will discuss how to remove phosphorus from wastewater using various methods. We will also explore the benefits of phosphorus removal and some of the challenges associated with it. Stay tuned for more information!

What is the source of phosphorus in water?

There are many sources of phosphorus in water, both natural and man-made. Phosphorus is a naturally occurring element that is found in rocks and minerals. It is also found in soil, sewage, animal waste, and other waste products.

Man-made sources of phosphorus include detergents, cleaners, fertilizers, and food processing wastes. When these products are used or disposed of, they can release phosphorus into the environment.

This pollutant can cause serious environmental problems, such as algal blooms and eutrophication.

Level of phosphorus in wastewater

The level of phosphorus in wastewater can vary depending on the source. For example, households that use septic tanks tend to have higher levels of phosphorus in their wastewater than those that are connected to a municipal sewer system. In addition, factories and other businesses that generate large amounts of wastewater can also contribute significantly to the phosphorus load in a waterway.

The amount of phosphorus in wastewater can also vary depending on the season. For example, during the spring and summer months, when there is more rainfall, the level of phosphorus in a waterway can be higher than during the fall and winter. This is because rainwater can wash phosphorus-containing pollutants from the land into waterways.

What is the problem with high phosphorus levels in wastewater?

High phosphorus levels in wastewater can cause a number of environmental problems. For one, phosphorus is a major pollutant that can lead to the eutrophication of waterways. This means that it encourages the growth of algae and other aquatic plants, which can deplete oxygen levels in the water and lead to the death of fish and other aquatic creatures. In addition, phosphorus can also cause problems with drinking water supplies, as it can lead to the formation of harmful algal blooms.

Can high phosphorus damage kidneys?

Excess phosphorus in the body can cause serious health problems, such as kidney damage. In fact, high phosphorus levels are one of the leading causes of kidney failure. That’s why it’s so important to remove phosphorus from wastewater before it is released into the environment.

Removal process

In wastewater, it may contain high levels of phosphorus. However, this is not a big problem because there are many methods to remove phosphorus from wastewater. Some of the methods are describe below.

Chemical precipitation method

One of the most common methods of phosphorus removal is chemical precipitation. This process involves adding chemicals to the wastewater that will bind with the phosphorus and remove it from the water. Chemical precipitation is often used in combination with other methods, such as filtration or activated sludge, to achieve higher levels of removal. This process is typically used in small treatment plants where there is not a lot of wastewater to be treated.

There are a few chemicals that can be added to the wastewater in order to remove phosphorus. One of the most common is aluminum sulfate, also known as alum. Alum works by binding with phosphorus particles in the water and forming a precipitate that can then be removed via filtration. Other chemicals that can be used for phosphorus removal include ferric chloride, polyaluminum chloride, and calcium hydroxide.

In order to select the most effective chemical for phosphorus removal, it is important to consider the type of wastewater being treated. For example, alum is not effective in removing phosphorus from highly alkaline wastewaters. In these cases, another chemical such as ferric chloride may be a better choice. It is also important to consider the cost of the chemical, as some chemicals can be quite expensive.

The biological phosphorus removal process

One method of phosphorus removal from wastewater is called biological phosphorus removal. This process uses microorganisms to remove phosphorus from the water. The microorganisms consume phosphorus and convert it into a form that is not harmful to the environment. This process is typically used in large treatment plants where there is a lot of wastewater to be treated.

The activated sludge method is a biological process. This process uses bacteria to break down the phosphorus molecules. This method is effective, but it can be expensive and it may require special equipment.

Adsorption method

The last method of phosphorus removal is called adsorption. This process uses materials to adsorb the phosphorus from the water. The materials can be either natural or synthetic. The most common material used for adsorption is activated carbon. This process is typically used in small treatment plants where there is not a lot of wastewater to be treated. Adsorption is often used in combination with other methods, such as chemical precipitation, to achieve higher levels of removal.

Reverse osmosis

The fourth method of removing phosphorus from wastewater is called reverse osmosis. This process uses a membrane to filter out phosphorus molecules. This method is effective, but it can be expensive and it may require special equipment.

Ion exchange

Ion exchange is a process that uses ion-exchange resins to remove dissolved contaminants from water. This process can be used to remove phosphate from water by exchanging the phosphate ions for other ions, such as sodium or calcium.

These are just a few of the methods that can be used to remove phosphorus from wastewater. All of these methods are effective at removing phosphorus from wastewater. The best method to use will depend on the amount of wastewater to be treated and the type of treatment plant.

Benefits of removing phosphorus from wastewater

The benefits of removing phosphorus from wastewater are many. Phosphorus removal can help to reduce eutrophication, improve water quality, and protect sensitive aquatic ecosystems. Additionally, phosphorus removal can help to reduce the costs associated with wastewater treatment.

Conclusion| Phosphorus Removal from Wastewater

There are also some challenges associated with phosphorus removal. One of the biggest challenges is the high cost of some of the methods used to remove phosphorus. Additionally, some methods of phosphorus removal can generate large volumes of waste material that must be disposed of properly. Despite the challenges, phosphorus removal from wastewater is an important process that can have many benefits. If you are interested in learning more about this topic, be sure to check out our other articles on wastewater treatment! Thanks for reading!

Calmat electronic water treatment system

June 20, 2022June 20, 2022 Tasrik Leave a comment

Do you have hard water? If so, you need to read this article! Hard water is caused by high levels of dissolved minerals, such as magnesium and calcium. It can cause all sorts of problems for your home, including scaling and corrosion. It leaves spots on your dishes and makes your skin feel dry. The good news is that there is a solution: the Calmat electronic water treatment system! In this article, we will discuss everything you need to know about this amazing system. We will talk about how it works, the benefits it provides, and more!

What is the calmat electronic water treatment system and how does it work

The Calmat electronic water treatment system is a device that is installed on your home’s water supply line. The device generates dynamic high-frequency electronic impulses that are controlled by a computerized micro-chip. The system transmits the electronic impulses into the water that changes the physical characteristics of the particles. Therefore the particles lose their adhesive power and cannot stick to surfaces anymore. They and washed away with the water as a fine powder. This prevents build-up on fixtures and pipes, and helps to extend the life of your appliances. Additionally, the Calmat can help to improve the efficiency of your appliances by up to 30%. It does not use any chemicals or salt. It is an eco-friendly water treatment system.

Benefits of using the calmat electronic water treatment system

If you’re looking for a way to improve the quality of your home’s water, the Calmat electronic water treatment system is a great option. This system can remove dissolved minerals from your water, which will lead to a number of benefits for your home, including improved appliance efficiency, less build-up on fixtures and pipes, and protection from corrosion. Here are just a few of the benefits you’ll enjoy when you use the Calmat system:

-Improved appliance efficiency: If you have hard water, your appliances have to work harder to function properly. This can lead to decreased efficiency and higher energy bills. However, when you use the Calmat system, your appliances will be able to operate more efficiently thanks to the softened water.

-Less build-up on fixtures and pipes: Over time, the minerals in hard water can cause a build-up on fixtures and pipes. This can lead to decreased water flow and eventually require expensive repairs. However, with the Calmat system in place, you won’t have to worry about this build-up occurring. The Calmat system produces tiny amounts of carbonic acid in the water which slowly reduces existing lime scale and rust deposits.

-Protection from corrosion: The high levels of dissolved minerals in hard water can also lead to corrosion, which can damage your pipes and fixtures. However, the Calmat system will help to protect your home from this type of damage.

-Eco-friendly: The Calmat system does not use any chemicals or salts. It also does not release anything into our water supply systems and the environment.

-The scale is responsible for the reproduction of bacteria. As the Calmat reduces the scale then the bacteria breeding ground is also reduced.

-Dishwashers & washing machines: The system reduces the use of dishwashers and detergent. It also extends the life of the machine’s heating element. It will make your skin and hair feel softer.

Parts of calmat electronic water treatment system

The calmat electronic water treatment system contains the following components:-

Display
Program switch
Control light
Socket
Power adapter
Two isolated copper Impulse cables
8x cable binders
Instruction manual
1 warranty card
Electronic unit

How to install the calmat electronic water treatment system

Installing the Calmat electronic water treatment system is very easy! It does not require any tools or plumbing. It will not take more than half an hour if you have an electric socket near your main water line. Simply follow these steps:

First, locate the main water supply line to your home. This is usually located in the basement or utility room.
Remove all the obstacles such as insulating materials, casing, etc.
Next, Place the electronic unit of the Calmat system on the main water pipe and fix it with the cable ties.
Now, insert the red impulse cable in the left socket and twist it tightly and firmly around the pipe to create a coil. Place the second black impulse cable by the repeated process.
Connect the adaptor with the electronic unit with the socket on the left side of the device. Turn on the system and check if the green control light illuminate.
Finally, Set up the program: Please choose your language with the upper button. Then press the button (P) to input the pipe material and pipe diameter. You’re all set! The Calmat system will now begin to treat your water, providing you with soft, clean water for your home.

The electronic control unit can be attached directly on to the pipe. This can be done either horizontally, vertically and even upside down. It may also be mounted on the wall or beam if there is not enough room. The only thing that is required is for the two impulse cables to be wrapped on the pipe tight and neatly.

Write pros and cons of Calmat Electronic Water Treatment System

Pros

Calmat electronic water treatment systems change the way minerals interact with water, rather than removing them from the water altogether. This means that they can be more effective at preventing hard water buildup and protecting your appliances from damage.
A quality product made in Germany since 1948
Suitable for all pipe materials.
Faster cleaning of kitchen and bathrooms.
5-Year Warranty – An international warranty is granted for all Calmat units worldwide.
Calmat systems are virtually maintenance-free, meaning you won’t have to regularly add salt or perform other upkeep tasks.

Cons

Because they change the way minerals interact with water, Calmat systems can sometimes cause a slight drop in water pressure.
Con: Some people prefer the taste of water that has been treated with a water softener system, rather than an electronic system.
It may take time to show full effects to see the desired results.
It does not work over 1.50 inches diameter pipe.

Calmat vs water softener

If you’re considering an electronic water treatment system for your home, you may be wondering how it stacks up against other options, like water softener systems. Both types of systems have their pros and cons, but here are a few key differences to keep in mind:

– Water softener systems remove minerals from the water, while electronic water treatment systems change the way minerals interact with water.

– It can cause a slight drop in water pressure, while electronic water treatment systems have no effect on water pressure.

– Water softener systems need to be regularly maintained, while electronic water treatment systems are virtually maintenance-free.

-If the water contains a high level of water hardness then the best choice is a water softener.

So, which type of system is right for you? Ultimately, it depends on your needs and preferences. If you’re looking for a low-maintenance solution that won’t affect water pressure, an electronic water treatment system may be the way to go. On the other hand, if you’re willing to trade off a little bit of maintenance for better mineral removal, a water softener system may be a better choice.

Conclusion| Calmat Electronic Water Treatment System

If you’re considering an electronic water treatment system for your home, the Calmat is a great option to consider. It’s virtually maintenance-free and won’t affect water pressure, but it can be more effective at preventing hard water buildup than other systems. Ultimately, it depends on your needs and preferences as to which type of system is right for you, but the Calmat is a great option to keep in mind.

FAQs

Q: What is the calmat electronic water treatment system?

A: The Calmat electronic water treatment system is a device that is installed on your home’s main water line. It works by sending electrical pulses through the pipe, which breaks down the minerals that cause hard water.

Q: What type of pipe material is suitable for Calmat electronic water treatment system?

A: The Calmat electronic water treatment system is suitable for all types of pipe materials such as iron, copper, steel, plastic, PVC, lead, PE, PP compound pipes, etc.

Q: Which voltage ranges are suitable for the system?

A: The Calmat electronic water treatment system power supply units are suitable for the voltage ranges from 100 V to 240 V and 50 Hz – 60 Hz.

Q: Are there any drawbacks to the calmat electronic water treatment system?

A: The only potential drawback to the Calmat electronic water treatment system is that it requires professional installation. However, this is typically not a problem for most homeowners.

Q: What is the country of origin?

A: Quality made in Germany since 1948, sold in over 50 countries worldwide.

Express water heavy metal whole house water filter review

August 3, 2020August 3, 2020 Tasrik Leave a comment

The express water heavy metal whole house water filter is a three stage home water filtration system. It is one of the best POE (Point Of Entry) type whole house filtration systems which provide clean and safe water throughout our entire home for drinking, washing, and bathing. The local water of our city may have chlorine, arsenic, heavy metals, synthetic fluoride, herbicides, pesticides, and more. By using this unfiltered water is risk for our health and for our home equipment. This three stages filtration system named Sediment, KDF and Carbon Filter remove chlorine, iron, rust, lead, pesticides, mercury, dirt, sand, viruses, fungi, sulfur, insecticides, chloramine, silt, turbidity, aluminum, copper, Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOC), herbicides, cadmium, copper, hydrogen sulfate, nickel, chromium, cloudiness, and odors form water. Then you will get a better household experience overall. This filter does not waste any water and it does not need adding any chemicals. The following points will help you to buy the best whole house water filter system on the market.

Types of whole house water Contaminants

In general, the most common type of contaminants in our tap water is fall into the categories of Sediments, Heavy Metals, Chemicals or VOCs, and Bacteria. The heavy metals can get into our water by naturally or plumbing system. Among the heavy metals, lead is the most common type of contaminant, but copper, arsenic, chromium, cadmium, Nickel, Mercury, Aluminum, Iron are the few other metals that could be contaminant in our tap water. Old pipe line, broken or cracked water line or tank system can also the sources of bacteria, microorganism, fungi, rust, silt, turbidity, and different bad odors. Further again the tap water or line water may also contaminant with chlorine, insecticides, herbicides, pesticides dirt, sand, chloramine, Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOC), cloudiness and fluoride.

What is the effect of the contaminant water

The contaminant water has various effects on our health and on our home equipment. With the heavy metal water system we may experience with staining on the floor, basin, toilet bowls, sinks, bathtubs as well as clothes. Chlorine water has a bad effect on the hair, nails and skin. The skin may be dried and the hair may be dull.

Construction and function of the express water heavy metal whole house water filter

The express water whole house filter is made with high quality and durable 100% food-grade ABS and PCE plastic materials. The system includes pressure gauges, easy release and 1 inch connections for easy adaptability and high flow. The housings are precision fitted to a durable stainless freestanding mount so that we can changes the filter with very easy. The Express Water Heavy Metal Whole House Water Filter has three stages named sediment, KDF and carbon block. Among them the first filter sediment housing is transparent, as result we can see the inside of the filter and know when it needs to be replaced. The 3 stages describe as below:

Stage 1: Sediment

Sediment is the first stage of the express water whole house water filter system. It is made with precision packed food-grade polypropylene microfiber. It has 4 distinct layers to catch the contaminants like sand, rust, and dirt up to 5 microns. The outer layers of this sediment catch the coarse contaminants and the inner layers catch finer particles.

Stage 2: KDF

Kinetic Degradation Fluxion (KDF) filter is the second stage of Whole House System. It is made with catalytic carbon and high purity ionically charged copper and zinc granules. So when the water flow between this filter then occurs a redox (oxidation-reduction) reaction and captures iron, lead, arsenic, mercury, aluminum, sulfur, algae, viruses, hydrogen sulfide, fungi, chlorine, chloramine and controls and inhibit growth of microorganism. This second stage is focused on capturing heavy metal contaminants. Finished with a thermal bonded cap and industrial sealed silicon ring makes it durable and reliable.

Stage 3: Carbon Block

Activated Carbon Block (ACB) is the third stage of the express water heavy metal whole house water filter. It is made with tight packed, laboratory vacuum heated carbon for high capacity filtration. It captures chlorine, Total Organic Carbon (TOC), pharmaceuticals, turbidity, pesticides, and chemicals causing bad tastes and odors. This stage focuses on taste and drink-ability of your water and removing chemicals. Finished with a thermal bonded cap and industrial sealed silicon ring to make sure it’s durable and reliable.

What does a whole house water filter do?

Whole house water filter systems are popular filtering solutions that are currently used throughout the country because they’re effective and produce high-quality water. It can provide clean and safe water for your family to drinking, washing, cooking and bathing. This three-stage whole house filtration system ensures that all harmful chemicals, dirt, and odors are carefully removed from tap water. Each stage of filtration is specifically designed to help your water be pure as possible when reaching the faucet.

How to find the best whole house water filter?

If you want to purchase a whole house filtration system, then you have to consider some factors. These factors include type of filter, micron filter, lifetime, flow rate, Certifications, Installation and maintenance.

Consider the Type of Filter

The filters that are found in the markets are not same type and same quality. At first, we have to consider which specific contaminants are present in the water, and then pick the filter which is effective for that water.

Filter Micron Size

The filter micron size indicates which particles they can remove. Lower micron size filter can remove most of the contaminants. This express water filter can removes the contaminants which particle size is 5 microns or above.

The lifetime of the filter and support

We should consider the filter that can last for a long period of time. The express water given 1 year warranty on all Express Water Systems and the company offers free lifetime support. But you have to change the cartridge after 6-12 month uses or after filter 100,000 gallons of water. The lifetime of filters will depend on the quality of water and number of family member. Usually, the lifetime of the filter cartridge for a four family member is one year. After that, you will need to replace them.

Flow Rate

The flow rate means the amount of water pressure delivered in all areas of the house. You need a system that will deliver fast and steady flow of water in all areas of your house. Generally, most of the household water system has a flow rate from 10 to 20 gallons per minute. The flow rate of express water is designed with 15 gallons water per minute which is great and we won’t notice any drop of pressure at the tap. We can also know the filter performance with the value of the three pressure gauges.

Installation and maintenance

Easy Installation and maintenance consider one of the qualities for any filter. The express water whole house water filter system designed with such a way that we can install it very quickly and easiest way; the entire unit can be installed in less than 2 hours. One the other hand, changing a filter cartridge takes minutes. You can change them easily without the help of a professional.

Certifications

We will find one or more symbols on the packaging of a product; it may be certification or award symbols. The certification like NSF and ANSI means that it was tested by the NSF and ANSI to comply with their rules and regulations. Certification for NSF or ANSI is a crucial factor in your filtration system. The express water whole house filter is NSF/ANSI certified.

Pros

Heavy-duty, durable construction
Simple installation and maintenance process
Stainless steel housing for easier filter changes
Removes most heavy metals from tap water
Eliminating odors
Clean, purified water is delivered to the whole house within seconds.
Water pressure is a high, flow rate 15 GPM which is ideal for large houses
Pressure gauges make it easy to see the state of your system
A one-year warranty, Long filter life and lifetime support
NSF/ANSI certified

Cons

Replacement filters must be exact matches
Parts, including filters, can be pricey
No real installation “instructions” provided
It does not suitable for hard water

Conclusion

The express water whole house water filter system is the right model which will better suit all your needs. They are not only well made, but also very effective and standards for fair price.

Frequently Asked Questions

The main points about the whole house filtration system are described in above. However some question may rise in some users. So among the most frequently asked questions about the water filtration systems are answered below.

Q: Does the whole house filter work with well water?

If the water comes from a private well instead of from the city’s water line, then it is also need filter. Generally, the well water is not 100% pure because the ground itself can be contaminated with dissolved salt like calcium and magnesium, bad odor, microorganism’s etc. Dissolved salt of calcium and magnesium means hard water. If the water is too hard then the filter is not suitable. In these cases you need another filter like reverse osmosis system. So be sure to check your water quality before choosing a system for well water.

Q: Will a whole house filter remove or reduce Fluoride?

No, the express water whole house water filter would not remove or reduce Fluoride.

Q: Do I need a separate storage tank for the system?

You do not need a separate storage tank for this system because it is an in-line filtration system.

Q: Will this system remove dissolved calcium and magnesium salt?

The express water whole house filter system does not remove dissolved calcium and magnesium salt. The water that contains dissolved calcium and magnesium salt are hard water. To reduce hardness you need another filter like reverse osmosis system.

Q: Will this kill bacteria like coliform?

No, the express water heavy metal whole house water filter does not kill bacteria like coliform. You will need a UV light to kill bacteria. Install the UV light after the filtration.

Ammonia removal from water

March 4, 2019March 3, 2019 Tasrik Leave a comment

Ammonia is a nitrogenous compound. It effects on aquatic life directly or indirectly. So ammonia removal from water is very essential. It dissolves easily in water and produced ammonium hydroxide solution. Ammonia is a colorless gas and it is very irritating. Depends on pH level ammonia can present in water in two form; either in ammonium hydroxide form or ammonium salt form. When the pH level is less than 7, then the ammonia is present in water as ammonium salt form. It is relatively nontoxic form. On the other hand, when the pH level is above the 7, then the ammonia is present in water as ammonium hydroxide form. Relatively it is toxic form of ammonia.

Sources of ammonia in water

Ammonia is one of the most widely produced chemicals in the USA or earth for industrial purposes and as fertilizers. Moreover, it has many natural sources like decomposition of organic waste, animal and human waste, fish feed, nitrogen fixation process, forest fires etc. They can enter into the aquatic environment via direct or indirectly; for example, municipal effluent discharges, runoff from agricultural land.

Effects of ammonia in water

If the ammonia level is high in water, it may difficult to aquatic life. It may responsible to the death of fish. Ammonia effects to internal tissue and production systems of the fish. Fish are unable to extract energy from feed efficiently and becomes sluggish. Eventually, they fall into death.

How to remove ammonia from water

You cannot remove ammonia from water by usual water treatment process. It can be removed by different ways like ion exchange, distillation, reverse osmosis or boiling. Some of them are expensive.

Boiling process

You can reduce ammonia by boiling the water for about 20 minutes. This process has some problems. It can remove free ammonia only but cannot remove the dissolved or ionized forms of ammonia. Moreover, it is suitable for drinking water but not suitable for large scale like ponds.

Ion exchange ammonia removal

Ammonia can be removed by cation resin. In this case sodium ion will replace the ammonium ion. If the water is soft then this is fine process. But if the water has hardness, then this process can creates problem, because calcium and magnesium ion can has simultaneous affinity; these two ions also removed by sodium ion.

Reverse Osmosis

It effectively removes chloramines but does not remove ammonia effectively. But resin containing post-filter cartridge can remove ammonia effectively. In this case reverse osmosis removes hardness, so cation exchange resin can removes ammonium ion perfectly as calcium and magnesium ion does not interfere.

Activated carbon

Activated carbon can removes chloramines. It is suitable for small scale like aquarium water, drinking water or swimming pool water. Chloramines comes into water because people use chloramines directly or chlorine as disinfectant. On the other hand it is not effective against ammonia.

Zeolite Process

Zeolite can reduce ammonia in tiny project finely, but it is not suitable for continuous process. So you can use it in aquarium but not for drinking water plant.

pH reduction process

We know, at lower pH (below 7) ammonia exists as relatively nontoxic form. So when the pH is higher, then we can shift the ammonia equilibrium to the nontoxic form.

How to change a whole house water filter cartridge

August 10, 2018August 10, 2018 Tasrik Leave a comment

Many people use water filter in their home but they do not know how to change a whole house water filter cartridge. The replacement of a filter cartridge is very easy, even for a new user. The cartridge changing can vary with model to model but they follow almost same principle. When you want to replace the cartridge, then firstly, you have to turn off the water filter’s inlet and outlet valve. Place a bucket under the filter. Twist the filter off with hand or with provided wrench. Normally the rotation is anti-clock. Remove the older cartridge and clean the inside filter with a clean dry cloth. Insert a new cartridge and tighten. You can use Teflon tape for proper sealing. Open the inlet and outlet valve. Allow the water to run for 5-10 minutes for the better result. Here we show you five different types of cartridge replacement.

1. Aquasana aq 5300 – 3 stage water filter Cartridges Replacement

According to manufacturer website, Aquasana AQ-5300 can removes or reduces 77 harmful contaminants including odor, lead, mercury, asbestos, herbicides, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, chlorine, chloramines, and other volatile organic chemicals. It is 3 stages 20 micron pre-filter. You have to change the cartridges after every 6 months or after 600 gallons of water purification. This filter has a smart system to know the time when the cartridge has to change. They install a battery operated system. When the time appears to change the cartridge then you will get a buzzer sound and observe a small red light on top.

Aquasana 3 stage water filter Cartridge replacement is very easy, just twist off the filter housing, then replace the Cartridge, and twist back on. You do not need to disconnect water line or no plumber necessary. But the cartridges are color coded so you have to remember the color sequence during installation. One of them is black, while one of yellow and other is red. Replace the cartridge with the same color. At this time you have to replace the battery. The battery is found on the top under a tap. The battery and instruction manual comes with the replacement cartridges. To get best result you need to replace the cartridge with genuine Aquasana replacements.

2. DuPont whole house water filter cartridge replacement – dupont wfpfc8002

Every cartridge has a lifetime and capacity how the amount of water they can filtrate. According to manual, DuPont wfpfc8002 cartridge has three months lifetime and it can filter up to 15000 gallons water for your office or home. You have to replace the cartridge after the lifetime or after 15000 gallons of water filtration. Moreover, this time may be less or long depends on your supply water. If the water contains more rust then the lifetime may reduce while if the supply water contains the minimum amount of contaminants then the lifetime will be longer. This package includes two 10 inches universal cartridge which can reduce chlorine, silt, rust, and sediment. The cartridge made of fiber with activated carbon. It can filter out particle sizes over 5 microns. It means that it has the ability to filter out small sizes particles. DuPont wfpfc8002 is 10 inches long water filter cartridge so you can use them most of standard whole house water filter systems.

To change the DuPont wfpfc8002 cartridge, firstly rotate handle for close the built in shut off valve. Place a bucket under the filter housing. Then unscrew the filter housing up to detached from the head. Remove the used cartridge and wash the housing with dilute bleach. Then place a new cartridge and put on the housing with normal tighten. You can use Teflon tape for proper seal. Now rotate handle to open the valve. Flush the water for five minutes before using.

3. Culligan whole house water filter cartridge replacement

The filter Culligan WH-HD200-C contains filter head, o-ring, cartridge, housing etc. It comes with Culligan p5 cartridge and a wrench.
The filter head has a blue handle at the top to control a shut off valve. You can select three positions with this handle; service, bypass and shut off the water flow. To change the cartridge rotates the blue handle at the position to bypass or off. You should know the position “OFF” means shut off all water flow within the household whereas “Bypass” means continue water flow but the water does not go to cartridge.
Now press the red button to relieve pressure.
Unscrew the filter housing with the hand or wrench. The housing contains an O-ring which works as a well seal between the body and head so that the water does not leak. It is a thin black rubber band. Remove this o-ring and clean with soft clothes. Then, reject the used filter and rinse the housing thoroughly with dilute bleach.
Then, lubricate the o-ring with food grade oil and place in the groove of the housing. You should remember the O-ring should be proper position; otherwise, you will not get a proper seal. Now replace the new cartridge and screw the housing to left hand (clockwise) for tight. In this case, it is better to use your hand for tightening, never over tighten.

Rotate the handle to the service position for running water. Press the pressure release button to release any built up pressure. Check your filter for any leakage.
After complete the replacement, reset cartridge life indicator by pressing reset button for two second. This button contains in head section.
You have to run your water for minimum five minutes before using any purpose.
The filter life indicator is battery operated. You will find the battery under this indicator. To replace the battery you have to open the holder in head section.

The p5 cartridge can remove sediment, rust, scale, dirt, coarse sand, sand, fine sand, extra fine sand, and silt. It is 5 micron grade cartridge. It has 2 months lifetime or can filter 8000 gallons of water. So you have to change the cartridge after 2 months or after 8000 gallons water filter. Without p5 you can use most of the standard water filter cartridge.

4. 3m aqua pure whole house replacement water filter – aqua pure ap917hd

The 3M Aqua-Pure Whole House Water Filter Cartridge AP917HD are suitable for the AP903 system. It reduces sediment, unpleasant chlorine taste and odor. It is 5 micron and activated carbon filter. The lifetime of this cartridge is one year. It can filtrate 100000 gallons of water. So you have to replace the cartridge after one year or after 100000 gallons of water filtration. Although it depends on the water quality of your area. If you notice an observable reduction of water flow, then you have to replace it.

This 3m aqua pure ap917hd whole house water filter cartridge replacement process is very simple. You do not need any tools. Just close the inlet and outlet valve. Put a bucket under the cartridge. Then press the side button and unclamp the body from the head by rotating anticlockwise. Now, clamp the new aqua pure ap917hd cartridge to the head by rotating clockwise. Follow the video instruction and see, what a simple process. Open the inlet and outlet valve. Open any tap and drain the water about five minute. Now enjoy fresh water life again.

5. Whirlpool whkf gac undersink water filter replacement cartridge

Whirlpool whkf gac undersink water filter cartridge can removes chlorine gas and odor from water. You can use this filter near to any sink where you use water for drinking purpose. It is a cold water system filter. The lifetime of the cartridge is six months. The capacity of the cartridge is 2000 gallon. You may have to replace the cartridge in earlier if the water flow rate drops at the observable amount.

The Whirlpool whkf whole house water filter cartridge replacement is easy task. Firstly turn off inlet water supply. Place a bucket under the filter so that no water can drop in the floor. Now press the air release red button to release pressure. Unscrew the housing with wrench and remove the old cartridge. Then wash the housing by soft cloth with dilute bleach or soap. Insert the new cartridge and fix the housing to head tightly. Turn on water inlet valve and press the air release button. Flush the system for minimum five minutes before consuming it.

If your water source is highly contaminant then the whole house water filter cartridge may not work properly. You should conform less contaminant water source otherwise your cartridge need to be changed frequently. Normally the used filter can remove chlorine, sediment, herbicides, pesticides, rust, and other chemicals. The best water filter can removes the particles size larger than 0.35 micron. When you change a whole house water filter cartridge then you should remember the capacity, removing particle size, and effective for which contaminants.

Water Desalination Process

March 28, 2018March 28, 2018 Tasrik 1 Comment

Water desalination process is a system that removes dissolved salt and other contaminant from water in order to obtain fresh water. This water may be used as drinking, industrial or irrigation purposes. This process is used those areas where fresh water is insufficient but unlimited supply of saline water like Saudi Arabia, UAE, USA, Israel, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, Australia, North Africa. More than 100 countries use the desalination process. Without sodium chloride this water may also contains some other contaminants such as organic matters, biological and mineral contents, algae, calcium carbonate etc. These substances should be removed from saline water. Generally the TDS value of the produce water is less than 500 ppm which is suitable for most of the domestic, industrial and agricultural uses.

The saline water can be classified as seawater, brackish water, low salinity water and very salinity water. Brackish water has more salinity than fresh water but less than seawater. It can be produced in different ways such as mixing of seawater and fresh water, occur as in brackish fossil aquifers, certain human activities etc.

Type of water	TDS value
Fresh water	Less than 1000 ppm
brackish water	1000-10000 ppm
Highly saline water	10000-35000 ppm
Seawater	Above 35000 ppm

Types of desalination process

There are so many types of water desalination process. It can be achieved by different water treatment process such as membrane process, distillation process, ion exchange, freezing, geothermal process etc. The distillation process can be further classified into multi stage flash distillation, multiple effect distillation and vapor compression. On the other hand the membrane process can be classified into reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, nanofiltration, membrane distillation and forward osmosis. Among them the most of the plants use reverse osmosis processes whereas the multi-stage flash distillation system is in second position.

Here we describe the reverse osmosis desalination process. Mainly the process contains three steps: pretreatment, reverse osmosis, and post-treatment.

Pretreatment

Pretreatment is very significant step for reverse osmosis. This step is used to remove algae, sediment, suspended solids and other particles and adjusting the pH to increase efficiency of the next reverse osmosis step. It may contain multimedia filter tanks such as sand filter, diatomaceous earth filter or cartridge filters.

Reverse Osmosis

In RO, the pretreated water pumped with high pressure through semi-permeable membranes, therefore the freshwater separated from saltwater by keeping salt and other minerals behind. A Small percentage of salt may remain in freshwater; it may up to 500 ppm. This fresh water is suitable for consumption. On the other hand the water behind the membranes is too much salty which is known as brine. This brine needs to be discharge into the sea by diluation with sea water to reduce the impact on sea. Normally the size of the RO membrane pore is about 0.001 microns.

Post-treatment

The fresh water, after the reverse osmosis is almost ready for uses. It needs to be treated as per consumption. In post-treatment step, it may require pH adjustment, disinfection or degasification before use as potable water. For industrial uses the water needs more pure water.

Desalination pros and cons

Generally the water desalination process requires more energy compared to other processes like groundwater or rainwater treatment. Although the membranes are sensitive but the system is simple and requires low maintenance. The brine disposes very carefully so it has a negligible environment impact.

Demineralization of water – DM water

November 30, 2017June 1, 2018 Tasrik 4 Comments

Demineralization of water is a process that removes minerals from water and produced demineralized water. Shortly it is called dm water or demi water. It is water softening process. The most common dm water processes are distillation, deionization, membrane filtration (reverse osmosis or nanofiltration), electrodialysis. This water is not free from some uncharged molecules like viruses or bacteria and organic contaminants. The transportation of demi water is very significant as it is highly aggressive for metals and other plumbing materials. Comparably plastic materials are safe for transportation and storage.

pH value of dm water

The pH value of demineralized water should be 7.0 but it is slightly acidic. Reason, the carbon dioxide dissolves in it from the air; until reaches dynamic equilibrium with the atmosphere. The dissolved carbon dioxide reacts with the water and creates carbonic acid.

H₂O + CO₂ → H₂CO₃ (carbonic acid)

Only fresh dm water has neutral pH value 7.0, but when we leave them for a few hours; they will capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and become slightly acidic. In this way the pH value can be 5.5.

DM water conductivity

As the demineralization of water is a minerals removing process and the electric current is related to minerals, therefore the demineralized water has a very low electric conductivity. It has no fixed value. It has a higher conductivity value than deionized water. The dm water conductivity unit is expressed as millisiemens/meter (mS/m) or microsiemens/centimeter (µS/cm). Generally it is less than 2 mS/m, even lower than 0.1 mS/m.

DM water TDS value

The TDS value of water depends on the amount of minerals that are dissolved in water. When the minerals like calcium bicarbonate, magnesium sulfate, and sodium chloride increases than the TDS value increases. Consequently the process of demineralization of water decreases the TDS. It should be always less than 10 mg/l, even as low as 1 mg/l.

Demineralized water uses

The water that contains the minerals like calcium bicarbonate, magnesium sulfate, and sodium chloride can hamper different stages on chemical or physical process of chemical industries. They require low salt or low conductivity water. DM water is free of minerals salt, so this water is suitable for those industries. For example demi water is used in boiler feed water, textiles, pharmaceuticals, breweries, swimming pools, potable water, hospitals, automobile, lead-acid batteries, fertilizers, cooling systems.

Drinking demineralized water

A certain amount of minerals are important parts of drinking water. Internationally maximum acceptable levels of inorganic and organic substances have been established to assure the safety of drinking water. Different minerals increase the taste of water. As the dm water almost completely free from minerals; it has poor taste and thirst-quenching characteristics. Moreover trace amount of certain minerals provide the health benefits, so the consumption of this water is not good for health. In addition the demi water tends to take out minerals from food and electrolytes from the body, so it is also not suitable cooking purposes.

Difference between demineralized and distilled water

Both the demineralized and distilled water are purified water. Although distillation process is one kind of demineralization of water system but they have a clear difference. The major difference is that the distilled water is free of both the organic and inorganic contaminants; even it is also free of uncharged molecules such as viruses or bacteria whereas demineralized water is only free of mineral ions, but not free of uncharged molecules like viruses or bacteria and organic substances. Distilled water is much purer than dm water but it is more costly.

Disinfection and sterilization of water

May 5, 2017May 5, 2017 Tasrik 1 Comment

Sterilization of water is the process that kills, eliminates or deactivates the all form of microorganisms in the water. It is the critical stage for safe potable water. This method must achieve all most 100% deactivation so that prevents the spread of water-borne diseases. On the other hand disinfection means the process that are removing or reducing harmful microorganisms. There are different methods of sterilization. We can divide them into two methods; chemical methods and physical method.

Chemical methods of sterilization

There are various chemicals are used to the sterilization process. The consumption of these chemical can be reduced by installing a filtration system before this stage. Some of the chemical sterilization methods are described here:-

Ozone sterilization of water

Ozone is a highly effective sterilization chemical for water. It has strong oxidizing properties. It can kills wide range of pathogens microorganisms by oxidizing method. Ozone is more powerful disinfectant than chlorine or chlorine dioxide. Moreover it has effective inactivation activities on giardia or cryptosporidium which is not possible by some others chemicals. This method does not affected by pH. After complete the oxidation process, the excess ozone will breaks into oxygen. So it does not create bad taste or odor’s to the water and leaves no solid residue. On the contrary, it added dissolved oxygen into the water which enhances the water’s taste. The disadvantages of ozone are that it is costly, toxic, unstable and must be produced on mill site. It can create irritation on nose even in low concentrations.

Hydrogen peroxide sterilization

Hydrogen peroxide is another ideal sterilizer like ozone. It is a strong oxidant. It destroys microorganisms without leaving any solid particle to the water. The disadvantage of the hydrogen peroxide is that it is unstable, costly and toxic at high concentrations. The vapor of it can affect the eyes and respiratory system. Some metallic peroxide like Na₂O₂ has better stability and effectiveness than hydrogen peroxide. Na₂O₂ produces hydrogen peroxide by the reaction with dissolve carbon dioxide. It also produces sodium carbonate which can able to soften the hard water. You can also apply calcium hydrogen and magnesium hydrogen. Some processes use both hydrogen peroxide and ozone commonly to accelerate the ozone decomposition rate which increases the oxidation rate.

Na₂O₂ + CO₂ + H₂O → Na₂CO₃ + H₂O₂
Na₂CO₃ + CaSO₄ → Na₂SO₄ + CaCO₃

Chlorination sterilization

Chlorination is the most common and cheapest system for sterilization of water. Chlorine input into the water as chlorine gas, sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide. When inject it forms several chemicals like hypochlorous acid.

Chlorine sterilization

Chlorine is the most widely used disinfectant in municipal water and wastewater treatment. It can destroy pathogens and control nuisance microorganisms. It can also remove iron, manganese, ammonia nitrogen. Chlorine is a toxic gas so need safety facilities. It acts as a quick oxidizing agent. pH can affects on its activities so needs to control the pH. Chlorine reacts with water and form hypochlorous acid which is further break into nascent oxygen. Both of them are powerful germicide.
Cl₂ + H₂O → HOCl + HCl ; HOCl → HCl + [O]

Calcium and sodium hypochlorite

Sodium hypochlorite is the one of the most commonly used sterilization chemicals. It is easier and safer to use compared with chlorine gas but more expensive. It is chemically unstable which can convert into sodium chlorate. At higher pH the hypochlorite is corrosive which can attack metal pipe. Calcium hypochlorite can be found as powder, granular, liquid and solid form.

Monochloramine

Monochloramine is another form of chlorination. When chlorine and ammonia included into the water then it forms monochloramine which can react under well controlled conditions. It is poor sterilization chemical compared with chlorine but last long and protect from bacteria for long time.
NH₃ + Cl₂ → NH₄Cl + NH₂Cl
Chloramines hydrolysis in water and give HOCl

Chlorine dioxide

Chlorine dioxide is a powerful disinfectant compared with chlorine but more expensive. It must be produced nearby consuming plant site. It is not more used chemical for sterilization of water due to unstable and costly.

Aeration

Aeration can improves water taste and remove iron, Mn, carbon dioxide, H₂S, volatile substances and bad odor. There are two type of aeration, natural and artificial. Natural aeration occurs in river, steam. To create artificial aeration several designs like spray is used. During aeration the water absorbs air. So increases the amount of oxygen into the water. This oxygen causes oxidation of the substances which are responsible for forming odor.

Silver ion method

The disinfect effect of copper and silver ions has been known for long time.

The chemical sterilization methods are precipitation method (With alum, lime, soda ash), Potassium permanganate process, Sodium hydrogen sulphate etc.

Physical sterilization methods

Boiling the water

Boiling is one of the oldest and most commonly used water sterilization techniques. If the water is boiled for about 20-30 minutes then it destroy all type of harmful bacteria and algae. They also remove dissolved gases from the water and improve the water taste. This method is only suitable for normal households but not suitable for industrial and large scale purposes.

UV sterilization

Ultra-violet light has a powerful germicidal action on water. It is one of the latest methods for sterilization of water. When ultraviolet radiation is passing through the water then it is absorbed by the cells and damages the DNA of the microorganisms. Hence they are not enable to grow or reproduce. This physical sterilization method can be applied for groundwater and households water but not suitable for large scale. It does not create solid content in water. The water should be free from suspended particles otherwise it may interfere to come in UV rays contract with microorganisms. The system is costly.